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侵襲性曲霉菌病--ICU患者的高危因素

     


      侵襲性曲霉菌病(Invasive Aspergillosis , IA)是曲霉菌感染人體致病最嚴重的一種形式。對于ICU的危重患者,有報道的IA的發(fā)病率高達10%,1 這個(gè)數字要高于以往其他疾病人群所報道的數字0.33-6.9%。2 事實(shí)上, 在ICU患者中,IA的危險因素有很多,不僅僅限于由EORTC/MSG指南中提到的單一的宿主因素。比如,長(cháng)期糖皮質(zhì)激素治療的患者,慢性阻塞性肺病(Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, COPD),肝硬化,實(shí)體器官腫瘤,HIV感染,肺移植,以及較長(cháng)時(shí)間的ICU住院(大于21天)等。


      兩項針對COPD患者伴發(fā)IA研究分析發(fā)現,這類(lèi)患者的臨床結局都非常差,死亡率均達到了100%。4,5 在2014年另一項研究中,COPD伴發(fā)IA的死亡率為66%。1 在歐洲癌癥研究和治療組織和真菌病研究組(European Organization for Research and Treatment Cancer and Mycoses Study Group, EORTC/MSG)的標準中,類(lèi)固醇使用超過(guò)三周以上被認為是IA的危險因素。對于嚴重的和/或持續的敗血性休克患者,使用低劑量的類(lèi)固醇(鹽皮質(zhì)激素)可以改善臨床結局。6 但它們也對 巨噬細胞 殺傷曲霉菌孢子和單核細胞殺傷曲霉菌菌絲的作用存在損害。7對于有肺部疾病的患者,即使使用低劑量的類(lèi)固醇,其伴發(fā)IA的風(fēng)險也會(huì )更高。8 對于肝硬化患者,由于其細胞吞噬作用和趨化作用受損,被認為是導致IA發(fā)病的可能因素。


      由于ICU患者伴發(fā)IA有較高的發(fā)病率和死亡率,建立可以實(shí)現早期診斷的檢測方法或診斷標準就非常有意義。 血清 曲霉菌抗或半乳甘露聚糖(galactomannan, GM)是有報道的血液腫瘤患者中IA檢測的可靠手段。10GM檢測比較于其他方法,可以幫助臨床提早8天診斷IA。11 血清GM抗原是曲霉菌細胞壁的多糖成分,在曲霉菌菌絲侵襲機體組織時(shí)釋放。這個(gè)成分可通過(guò)一步夾心酶聯(lián)免疫法進(jìn)行檢測。近年的一些研究證實(shí),在血液腫瘤患者中,由于GM水平升高與較差的臨床結局呈強相關(guān),因此認為GM抗原檢測也可作為IA臨床結局的衡量工具。


      GM抗原檢測所使用的試劑為 Bio-Rad 公司的曲霉菌抗原檢測試劑盒(PlateliaTMAspergillusAg),該試劑為一步夾心酶聯(lián)免疫法,利用單克隆抗體(EBA-2)對血液循環(huán)中的GM抗原。推薦首次檢測時(shí)間點(diǎn)一般為當臨床懷疑患者發(fā)生IA時(shí),或者需要對免疫妥協(xié)患者進(jìn)行常規篩查時(shí)。1另外,對于開(kāi)始進(jìn)行抗真菌治療的患者,推薦進(jìn)行每周兩次的GM水平監測,以幫助判斷臨床療效及患者預后。


      1. Suzanne Teering, AnneliesVerreth, AnneleenPeeter, et alPrognostic value of serum galactomannanin mixed ICU patients: a retrospective observational studyAnaesthesiology Intensive Therapy 2014, vol. 46, no 3, 145–154


      2. Meersseman W, Vandecasteele SJ, Wilmer A et al.: Invasive aspergillosisin critically ill patients without malignancy. Am J RespirCrit CareMed 2004; 170: 621–625.


      3.Dimopoulos G, Frantzeskaki F, Poulakou G et al.: Invasive aspergillosis inthe intensive care unit. Ann NY Acad sci 2012; 1272: 31–39.


      4. Bulpa PA, Dive AM, Garrino MG et al.: Chronic obstructive pulmonarydisease patients with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis: bene fit s ofintensive care? Intensive Care Med 2001; 27: 59–67.


      5.Rello J, Esandi ME, Mariscal D et al.: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis inpatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: report of eightcases and r evi ew. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1473–1475.


      6.Annane D, Sébille V, Ch ARP entier C et al.: Effect of treatment with lowdoses of hydrocortisone and fludrocortisone on mortality in patientswith septic shock. JAMA 2002; 288: 862–871.


      7.Lionakis MS, Kontoyiannis DP: Glucocorticoids and invasive fungalinfections. Lancet 2003; 362: 1828–1838.


      8. Palmer LB, Greenberg HE, Schiff MJ: Corticosteroid treatment as a riskfactor for invasive aspergillosis in patients with lung disease. Thorax1991; 46: 15–20.


      9. Bailey RJ, Woolf IL, Cullens H et al.: Metabolic inhibition of polymorphonuclearleucocytes in fulminant hepatic failure. Lancet 1976; 1: 1162–1163.


      10 .Maertens J, Verhaegen J, Lagrou K et al.: Screening for circulating galac-tomannan as a noninvasive diagnostic tool for invasive aspergillosis in prolonged neutropenic patients and stem cell transplantation reci-pients: a prospective validation. Blood 2001; 97: 1604–1610.


      11.Maertens J, Van Eldere J, Verhaegen J et al.: Use of circulating galacto-mannan screening for early diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. J Infect Dis 2002; 186: 1297–1306.


      12. Woods G, Miceli MH, Grazziutti ML et al.: Serum Aspergillusgalactoman-nan antigen values strongly correlate with outcome of invasive asper-gillosis: a study of 56 patients with haematologic cancer. Cancer 2007; 110: 830–834.


      13. Koo S, Bryar JM, Baden LR et al.: Prognostic features of galactomannanantigenemia in galactomannan-positive invasive aspergillosis.J ClinMicrobiol 2010; 48: 1255–1260.


      14. Lehrnbecher T, Phillips R, Alexander S, et al. Guideline for the Management of Fever andNeutropenia in Children With Cancer and/or Undergoing Hematopoietic Stem-CellTransplantation. Journal of Clinical Oncology.2012 epub ahead of print. This manuscript is thefirst pediatric fever and neutropenia guideline. It summarizes the impact of both galactomannanand beta glucan testing in children.


      (本文轉載:丁香通)

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